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1 coalface system
nMINE formación del frente de arranque del carbón f -
2 coalface
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3 fronte
1. f foreheaddi fronte a ( dirimpetto) opposite, facingin presenza di beforea confronto di compared to or withla casa, vista dal di fronte the house, seen from the front2. m frontfronte caldo warm frontfar fronte agli impegni face up to one's responsibilitiesfar fronte alle spese make ends meet* * *fronte s.f.1 forehead; (poet.) brow; ( di animale) frontlet: fronte alta, high forehead; fronte ampia, larga, spaziosa, broad forehead; fronte sfuggente, receding forehead; corrugare la fronte, to knit one's brow (o to wrinkle one's forehead) // fronte a fronte, face to face // a fronte alta, proudly; ( senza timore) fearlessly // glielo si leggeva in fronte, you could see it in his face (o it was written all over his face) // avere qlco. scolpito in fronte, (fig.) to have sthg. written all over one's face // guadagnare il pane col sudore della fronte, to earn one's living by the sweat of one's brow2 ( di libro) title page3 (arch.) front, frontage, façade: fotografia presa di fronte, front view (o photograph taken from the front) // di fronte, opposite: abita qui di fronte, he lives just opposite; la casa di fronte è la mia, the house opposite is mine; il libro è lì, ce l'hai di fronte!, the book is there, right in front of you! // di fronte a, ( posizione) opposite, in front of (s.o., sthg.); ( a paragone di) in comparison with (s.o., sthg.); ( pericoli, circostanze) in the face of: il monumento di fronte alla scuola, the monument opposite the school; lo mettemmo di fronte ai testimoni, we confronted him with witnesses; di fronte a lui tutti s'intimidiscono, everyone is cowed (o intimidated) by him; di fronte a lui tutti scompaiono, compared with him everyone else pales into insignificance; questo è niente di fronte al pericolo che avete evitato, this is nothing in comparison with the danger you have avoided; fuggire di fronte a un pericolo, to flee in the face of a danger // testo a fronte, parallel text: traduzione con testo a fronte, translation with parallel text // (comm.) a fronte di, against (o in connection with): pagamento a fronte di documenti, payment against documents◆ s.m.1 (mil.) front: fronte d'attacco, front of attack; fronte di battaglia, battle front; su tutti i fronti, on all fronts; andare al fronte, to go to the front; essere mandato al fronte, to be sent to the front // rovesciamento di fronte, counterattack (anche fig.) // cambiamento di fronte, shift (of position), change (anche fig.) // fronte a destra!, right turn!; fronte a sinistra!, left turn! // far fronte a, to face (sthg.), to face up to (sthg.), to confront: far fronte a un pericolo, to face a danger (o to be faced with a danger); far fronte a una situazione difficile, to face up to a difficult situation (o fam. to face the music); far fronte alle spese, to meet expenses; far fronte a un impegno, a una richiesta, to meet (o to fulfil) a commitment, a demand3 (scient.) front: (meteor.) fronte d'aria calda, fredda, warm, cold front; (geol.) fronte del ghiacciaio, glacier front // (fis.): fronte d'onda, phase front; fronte d'urto, shock front // (miner.) fronte di avanzamento, face.* * *['fronte]1. sf1) Anat brow, forehead2)di fronte — (dirimpetto) opposite
di fronte a — opposite, facing, in front of, (a paragone di) compared with
2. smMil Pol Meteor frontfar fronte a — (nemico, problema) to confront, (responsabilità) to face up to, (spese) to meet
* * *['fronte] 1.sostantivo femminile1) anat. forehead, browfronte alta, bassa — high, low forehead
aggrottare, corrugare la fronte — to frown, to wrinkle one's forehead
2) mil.3) (facciata) front, façade4) in frontedare un bacio in fronte a qcn. — to kiss sb.'s brow, to kiss sb. on the brow
leggere qcs. in fronte a qcn. — to see sth. on sb.'s face
2.hai mentito, te lo si legge in fronte — you lied, it's written all over your face
sostantivo maschile1) mil. front2) fig. frontfar fronte a — (affrontare) to face, to handle [sfida, crisi]; to cope with [ problema]; (adempiere) to face up, to meet [impegni, responsabilità]; (sostenere) to meet o cope with [ spese]
3) meteor. front, frontal system4) pol. frontla casa (qui) di fronte — the house over the road; (davanti)
ce l'hai di fronte — it's right in front of you; (da davanti)
fotografare qcn. di fronte — to photograph sb. from the front
6) di fronte adi fronte alla casa — in front of o opposite o facing the house
mettere qcn. di fronte a — to face o confront sb. with [evidenza, realtà]
trovarsi di fronte a — to be faced with [scelta, problema]
non fermarsi di fronte a nulla — to stop at nothing; (in confronto a)
7) a fronte8) a fronte dia fronte del suo ordine — comm. against your order
•fronte di abbattimento — min. coalface
••tener la o andare a fronte alta — to hold one's head (up), to stand tall
* * *fronte/'fronte/I sostantivo f.⇒ 41 anat. forehead, brow; fronte alta, bassa high, low forehead; aggrottare, corrugare la fronte to frown, to wrinkle one's forehead2 mil. fronte a sinistr! left face!3 (facciata) front, façade4 in fronte dare un bacio in fronte a qcn. to kiss sb.'s brow, to kiss sb. on the brow; leggere qcs. in fronte a qcn. to see sth. on sb.'s face; hai mentito, te lo si legge in fronte you lied, it's written all over your face1 mil. front; al fronte at front2 fig. front; su tutti i -i on all fronts; far fronte a (affrontare) to face, to handle [sfida, crisi]; to cope with [ problema]; (adempiere) to face up, to meet [impegni, responsabilità]; (sostenere) to meet o cope with [ spese]3 meteor. front, frontal system4 pol. front; sul fronte interno on the home front5 di fronte (dirimpetto) la casa (qui) di fronte the house over the road; (davanti) ce l'hai di fronte it's right in front of you; (da davanti) fotografare qcn. di fronte to photograph sb. from the front6 di fronte a di fronte alla casa in front of o opposite o facing the house; mettere qcn. di fronte a to face o confront sb. with [ evidenza, realtà]; trovarsi di fronte a to be faced with [ scelta, problema]; non fermarsi di fronte a nulla to stop at nothing; (in confronto a) questo è niente di fronte al tuo incidente this is nothing compared to your accident7 a fronte edizione con traduzione a fronte parallel text8 a fronte di a fronte dei recenti avvenimenti in view of recent events; a fronte del suo ordine comm. against your ordercol sudore della fronte by the sweat of one's brow; tener la o andare a fronte alta to hold one's head (up), to stand tall\ -
4 CFS
1) Общая лексика: Customer Facing Service2) Компьютерная техника: Continuous Feed System, Continuous Fuzzy Subset3) Авиация: cold finished steel4) Морской термин: пункт обработки грузовых контейнеров (container freight station)5) Американизм: Common Foreign And Security7) Военный термин: Canadian Forces station, component failure summary, concept formulation studies, contract field service, contract financial status8) Техника: carrier frequency stabilization, carrier frequency synthesizer, cavity fission source, central frequency synthesizer, coalface surveyor, coherent frequency synthesizer, condensate and feed water system, core flooding system, core former structure9) Сельское хозяйство: Cattle For Sale10) Бухгалтерия: Comprehensive Financial Strategies11) Политика: Committee on World Food Security (Комитет ФАО по всемирной продовольственной безопасности)12) Сокращение: Central Flying School (UK Royal Air Force), Chief of Fleet Support, II Computerized Forwarding System II, carrier frequency shift, center frequency stabilization, Child-Friendly spaces, Computerized Forwarding System I13) Университет: Canadian Federation Of Students, Cleveland Fun Squad14) Электроника: Capacitor Fast Switching15) Вычислительная техника: Caching File System, Cryptographic FileSystem (Linux, Verschluesselung), Center for Standards (organization, JIEO, DISA)16) Нефть: кубических футов в минуту (cubic feet per second), число кубических футов в минуту (cubic feet per second)17) Транспорт: Commodity Flow Survey, Container Freight Station18) Пищевая промышленность: Chocolate Frosted Sprinkled19) Фирменный знак: Chandrasekhar Friedmann And Schutz20) Деловая лексика: Corporate Flag Ship, склад контейнерных грузов (container freight station)21) SAP. формирование капитала за счёт накопления взносов22) Бурение: кубических футов в секунду (cubic feet per second)23) Сетевые технологии: Cdrom File System24) ЕБРР: credit file supervisor25) Программирование: Corrupt File Structure26) Полупроводники: constant final state27) Океанография: Cubic Foot Per Second28) Химическое оружие: Chemical feed system29) Авиационная медицина: chronic fatigue syndrome30) Безопасность: Cryptographic File System31) Расширение файла: Caching/Common File System32) Общественная организация: Center for Food Safety, Christian Family Services33) Должность: Certified Fund Specialist -
5 Cfs
1) Общая лексика: Customer Facing Service2) Компьютерная техника: Continuous Feed System, Continuous Fuzzy Subset3) Авиация: cold finished steel4) Морской термин: пункт обработки грузовых контейнеров (container freight station)5) Американизм: Common Foreign And Security7) Военный термин: Canadian Forces station, component failure summary, concept formulation studies, contract field service, contract financial status8) Техника: carrier frequency stabilization, carrier frequency synthesizer, cavity fission source, central frequency synthesizer, coalface surveyor, coherent frequency synthesizer, condensate and feed water system, core flooding system, core former structure9) Сельское хозяйство: Cattle For Sale10) Бухгалтерия: Comprehensive Financial Strategies11) Политика: Committee on World Food Security (Комитет ФАО по всемирной продовольственной безопасности)12) Сокращение: Central Flying School (UK Royal Air Force), Chief of Fleet Support, II Computerized Forwarding System II, carrier frequency shift, center frequency stabilization, Child-Friendly spaces, Computerized Forwarding System I13) Университет: Canadian Federation Of Students, Cleveland Fun Squad14) Электроника: Capacitor Fast Switching15) Вычислительная техника: Caching File System, Cryptographic FileSystem (Linux, Verschluesselung), Center for Standards (organization, JIEO, DISA)16) Нефть: кубических футов в минуту (cubic feet per second), число кубических футов в минуту (cubic feet per second)17) Транспорт: Commodity Flow Survey, Container Freight Station18) Пищевая промышленность: Chocolate Frosted Sprinkled19) Фирменный знак: Chandrasekhar Friedmann And Schutz20) Деловая лексика: Corporate Flag Ship, склад контейнерных грузов (container freight station)21) SAP. формирование капитала за счёт накопления взносов22) Бурение: кубических футов в секунду (cubic feet per second)23) Сетевые технологии: Cdrom File System24) ЕБРР: credit file supervisor25) Программирование: Corrupt File Structure26) Полупроводники: constant final state27) Океанография: Cubic Foot Per Second28) Химическое оружие: Chemical feed system29) Авиационная медицина: chronic fatigue syndrome30) Безопасность: Cryptographic File System31) Расширение файла: Caching/Common File System32) Общественная организация: Center for Food Safety, Christian Family Services33) Должность: Certified Fund Specialist -
6 cfs
1) Общая лексика: Customer Facing Service2) Компьютерная техника: Continuous Feed System, Continuous Fuzzy Subset3) Авиация: cold finished steel4) Морской термин: пункт обработки грузовых контейнеров (container freight station)5) Американизм: Common Foreign And Security7) Военный термин: Canadian Forces station, component failure summary, concept formulation studies, contract field service, contract financial status8) Техника: carrier frequency stabilization, carrier frequency synthesizer, cavity fission source, central frequency synthesizer, coalface surveyor, coherent frequency synthesizer, condensate and feed water system, core flooding system, core former structure9) Сельское хозяйство: Cattle For Sale10) Бухгалтерия: Comprehensive Financial Strategies11) Политика: Committee on World Food Security (Комитет ФАО по всемирной продовольственной безопасности)12) Сокращение: Central Flying School (UK Royal Air Force), Chief of Fleet Support, II Computerized Forwarding System II, carrier frequency shift, center frequency stabilization, Child-Friendly spaces, Computerized Forwarding System I13) Университет: Canadian Federation Of Students, Cleveland Fun Squad14) Электроника: Capacitor Fast Switching15) Вычислительная техника: Caching File System, Cryptographic FileSystem (Linux, Verschluesselung), Center for Standards (organization, JIEO, DISA)16) Нефть: кубических футов в минуту (cubic feet per second), число кубических футов в минуту (cubic feet per second)17) Транспорт: Commodity Flow Survey, Container Freight Station18) Пищевая промышленность: Chocolate Frosted Sprinkled19) Фирменный знак: Chandrasekhar Friedmann And Schutz20) Деловая лексика: Corporate Flag Ship, склад контейнерных грузов (container freight station)21) SAP. формирование капитала за счёт накопления взносов22) Бурение: кубических футов в секунду (cubic feet per second)23) Сетевые технологии: Cdrom File System24) ЕБРР: credit file supervisor25) Программирование: Corrupt File Structure26) Полупроводники: constant final state27) Океанография: Cubic Foot Per Second28) Химическое оружие: Chemical feed system29) Авиационная медицина: chronic fatigue syndrome30) Безопасность: Cryptographic File System31) Расширение файла: Caching/Common File System32) Общественная организация: Center for Food Safety, Christian Family Services33) Должность: Certified Fund Specialist -
7 CFS
1. carrier frequency shift - смещение несущей частоты;2. carrier frequency stabilization - стабилизация несущей частоты;3. carrier frequency synthesizer - синтезатор несущей частоты;4. cavity fission source - источник деления в ёмкости;5. center frequency stabilization - стабилизация средней частоты; стабилизация частоты несущей;6. central frequency synthesizer - синтезатор средней частоты;7. coalface surveyor - система контроля прямолинейности забоя;8. coherent frequency synthesizer - синтезатор когерентной частоты;9. component failure summary - сводка по отказам элементной базы;10. condensate and feed water system - система конденсата и питательной воды;11. core flooding system - система затопления активной зоны;12. core former structure - предшествующая структура активной зоны;13. cubic feet per second - число кубических футов в секунду -
8 Buddle, John
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 15 November 1773 Kyloe, Northumberland, Englandd. 10 October 1843 Wallsend, Northumberland, England[br]English colliery inspector, manager and agent.[br]Buddle was educated by his father, a former schoolteacher who was from 1781 the first inspector and manager of the new Wallsend colliery. When his father died in 1806, John Buddle assumed full responsibility at the Wallsend colliery, and he remained as inspector and manager there until 1819, when he was appointed as colliery agent to the third Marquis of Londonderry. In this position, besides managing colliery business, he acted as an entrepreneur, gaining political influence and organizing colliery owners into fixing prices; Buddle and Londonderry were also responsible for the building of Seaham harbour. Buddle became known as the "King of the Coal Trade", gaining influence throughout the important Northumberland and Durham coalfield.Buddle's principal contribution to mining technology was with regard to the improvement of both safety standards and productivity. In 1807 he introduced a steam-driven air pump which extracted air from the top of the upcast shaft. Two years later, he drew up plans which divided the coalface into compartments; this enabled nearly the whole seam to be exploited. The system of compound ventilation greatly reduced the danger of explosions: the incoming air was divided into two currents, and since each current passed through only half the underground area, the air was less heavily contaminated with gas.In 1813 Buddle presented an important paper on his method for mine ventilation to the Sunderland Society for Preventing Accidents in Coal-mines, which had been established in that year following a major colliery explosion. He emphasized the need for satisfactory underground lighting, which influenced the development of safety-lamps, and assisted actively in the experiments with Humphrey Davy's lamp which he was one of the first mine managers to introduce. Another mine accident, a sudden flood, prompted him to maintain a systematic record of mine-workings which ultimately resulted in the establishment of the Mining Record Office.[br]Bibliography1838, Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland 11, pp. 309–36 (Buddle's paper on keeping records of underground workings).Further ReadingR.L.Galloway, 1882, A History of Coalmining in Great Britain, London (deals extensively with Buddle's underground devices).R.W.Sturgess, 1975, Aristocrat in Business: The Third Marquis of Londonderry asCoalowner and Portbuilder, Durham: Durham County Local History Society (concentrates on Buddle's work after 1819).C.E.Hiskey, 1978, John Buddle 1773–1843, Agent and Entrepreneur in the NortheastCoal Trade, unpublished MLitt thesis, Durham University (a very detailed study).WK -
9 Menzies, Michael
[br]b. end of the seventeenth century Lanarkshire, Scotland (?)d. 13 December 1766 Edinburgh, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor and lawyer.[br]Menzies was admitted as a member of the Faculty of Advocates on 31 January 1719. It is evident from his applications for patents that he was more concerned with inventions than the law, however. He took out his first patent in 1734 for a threshing machine in which a number of flails were attached to a horizontal axis, which was moved rapidly forwards and backwards through half a revolution, essentially imitating the action of an ordinary flail. The grain to be threshed was placed on either side.Though not a practical success, Menzies's invention seems to have been the first for the mechanical threshing of grain. His idea of imitating non-mechanized action also influenced his invention of a coal cutter, for which he took out a patent in 1761 and which copied miners' tools for obtaining coal. He proposed to carry heavy chains down the pit so that they could be used to give motion to iron picks, saws or other chains with cutting implements. The chains could be set into motion by a steam-engine, by water-or windmills, or by horses gins. Although it is quite obvious that this apparatus could not work, Menzies was the first to have thought of mechanizing coal production in the style that was in use in the late twentieth century. Subsequent to Menzies's proposal, many inventors at varying intervals followed this direction until the problem was finally solved one century later by, among others, W.E. Garforth.Menzies had successfully used the power of a steam-engine on the Wear eight years beforehand, when he obtained a patent for raising coal. According to his device a descending bucket filled with water raised a basket of coals, while a steam-engine pumped the water back to the surface; the balance-tub system, in various forms, quickly spread to other coalfields. Menzies's patent from 1750 for improved methods of carrying the coals from the coalface to the pit-shaft had also been of considerable influence: this device employed self-acting inclined planes, whereon the descending loaded wagons hauled up the empty ones.[br]Further ReadingThe article entitled "Michael Menzies" in the Dictionary of National Biography neglects Menzies's inventions for mining. A comprehensive evaluation of his influence on coal cutting is given in the introductory chapter of S.F.Walker, 1902, Coal-Cutting byMachinery, London.WK
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